Deep ethnic, religious, or tribal divisions that are exploited by political elites to fuel violent conflict.
Perform well across all categories, ensuring security, law, and basic infrastructure.
The extreme end of failure where a total vacuum of authority exists, and political goods are provided only by local, uncoordinated forces. 2. Primary Causes of State Failure When States Fail: Causes and Consequences
Fulfill some expectations but perform poorly in others; they often suffer from corruption and deteriorating infrastructure.
Climate change acts as a "threat multiplier," displacing populations and damaging infrastructure in already fragile regions. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences - Amazon.com Deep ethnic, religious, or tribal divisions that are
Human agency is often the most direct cause, as rulers subvert democratic norms and work for personal or kin-based gain.
State failure occurs when a nation-state loses its ability to effectively govern its territory, provide essential political goods, and maintain a monopoly on the legitimate use of force . This guide breaks down the core concepts, drivers, and global impacts associated with this phenomenon. 1. Defining the Spectrum of State Strength When States Fail: Causes and Consequences - Amazon
Scholars like Robert Rotberg categorize states based on their performance in providing security and other "political goods":