The — Crucifixion

Victims were often first scourged (flogged) and then forced to carry the crossbeam ( patibulum ) to the execution site.

Death resulted from a combination of factors, primarily asphyxiation (suffocation) as the body's weight made breathing increasingly difficult, as well as hypovolemic shock, dehydration, and organ failure. The Crucifixion

The Romans did not invent crucifixion but refined it into a tool of state terror to maintain order. Victims were often first scourged (flogged) and then