For AC-to-DC conversion, the input voltage is first rectified and filtered.
Output voltage is maintained through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) , where the duty cycle (ratio of on-to-off time) is adjusted by a feedback mechanism to compensate for load or input variations. 3. Common Topologies Switch-Mode Power Supplies
Efficiently steps down voltage to a lower level. For AC-to-DC conversion, the input voltage is first