: Both civilizations actively studied, copied, and improved upon each other's machines.
Islamic engineers did not merely adopt ancient technologies; they optimized them, writing extensive military manuals and calculating the physics required to smash some of the strongest walls in the world. Medieval Siege Weapons: ''Byzantium, the Islami...
The Late Roman (Byzantine) Empire largely operated on a defensive footing, utilizing its advanced engineering to hold onto its heavily fortified centers against massive caliphate expansion. : Both civilizations actively studied, copied, and improved