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The tip hovers just above the surface, sensing long-range forces. This is used for extremely hydrophobic surfaces or when the sample must remain completely untouched. 3. Key Applications

The core of an AFM is a with a sharp probe (tip) at its end. This tip typically has a radius of curvature on the scale of a few nanometers. Fundamentals and Application of Atomic Force Mi...

AFM is critical for quality control in microchip manufacturing, detecting defects that are far too small for optical tools. The tip hovers just above the surface, sensing

The tip can be used as a "pen" to move individual molecules or etch patterns into a surface, enabling bottom-up nanofabrication . 4. Why Use AFM Over SEM? Unlike Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), AFM: Key Applications The core of an AFM is

To prevent the tip from crashing or losing contact, a piezoelectric scanner adjusts the height of the sample or the tip in real-time to maintain a constant force. This vertical movement is what creates the 3D topographic map. 2. Primary Imaging Modes