: Legal barriers to obtaining SIM cards and reliable internet.

: Inability to open bank accounts or use mobile money due to lack of recognized identification documents.

: Recent reports from Freedom House describe a "disconnected" state where the government has ordered the blocking of platforms like X (formerly Twitter) and Signal , further isolating the population.

Digital exclusion leads to social isolation and limited employment opportunities.

The UNHCR Innovation Service has published multiple volumes focusing on different regions, particularly South America and Central America.