Victimology distinguishes between different levels of impact: Introduction to Victimology - Sage
For centuries, the burden of justice fell primarily on the victim, who had to personally pursue the offender. Modern victimology emerged as a distinct discipline after World War II: Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology
: Suggests that an individual's routine activities and lifestyle choices (e.g., frequently being in high-crime areas at night) can increase their exposure to motivated offenders. Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology
: Focuses on geography, arguing that individuals living in or frequenting socially disorganized or high-crime areas are at a greater risk, regardless of their own behavior. 3. Categories of Victims Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology
: Initial research centered on "victim precipitation"—the idea that some victims' actions or characteristics might contribute to the crime.