: Subtract all monthly expenses—including mortgage, taxes, insurance, and a 1%–2% annual maintenance buffer —from the gross rent.

: Divide your annual Net Operating Income (NOI) by the property's market value. Most investors target a range of 4% to 8% . 3. Strategic Advantages in 2026 Property Investment for Beginners: A Comprehensive Guide

: Determine your "buy box" by evaluating your credit score (aim for 650+) and debt-to-income ratio. Be prepared for a higher down payment of 15% to 25% for investment properties compared to primary residences.