: A classic example of an inflationary debt crisis caused by massive war debts and hyperinflation .

: Spending less to reduce debt, which is often deflationary and painful .

: Defaulting on or renegotiating debts to reduce the total burden .

: A modern housing-led crisis that required massive government bailouts and "quantitative easing" .

: Moving money from the "haves" to the "have-nots" via taxes or transfers . 📚 Key Historical Case Studies

To manage a crisis, governments and central banks typically use a combination of these four tools: