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: Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden).

: No single state was allowed to dominate Europe, creating a fragile system of checks and balances. IV. Decline of the Ottoman Empire : Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus

: The struggle between Catholics and Protestants (Reformation vs. Counter-Reformation) became a central driver of European politics. : Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus

: Major powers (Habsburgs vs. France) fought for European hegemony. : Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus

The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) reached its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent but began to struggle against European coalitions like the "Holy League."